BFB-PhytoConcept = Bruno Frank Consulting Concepts with Plants
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Continuation: Logical with MGS against Corona!
SARS-CoV-2 – Covid-19 – Grippe – Erkältung
Maßnahmen zur Mundhygiene & Infektions-Prophylaxe
bei Infektionsgefahr durch Viren und Bakterien als Auslöser von Erkrankungen der oberen Atemwege.
MGS: “Gargle-swallow method”
Rationale
for regular, daily oral hygiene with simple but effective preparations made from special foods.
Compiled based on the latest scientific publications and study results.
2. Green tea-aronia juice-pomegranate juice study: Virucidal activity of natural products against modified vaccinia virus (MVA), influenza A (IAV), SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus (AdV5) in vitro
3. Oral area as a breeding ground for SARS-CoV-2
4. Gargle study on Covid sufferers Malaysia
5. Lutschpastillen-Studie an Covid-Erkrankten mit Granatapfel-Extrakt
6. Conclusions
7. Literature
2. Green tea-aronia juice-pomegranate juice study: Virucidal activity of natural products against modified vaccinia virus (MVA), influenza A (IAV), SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus (AdV5) in vitro
Study:
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.360545; This version was released on November 3, 2020. Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in vitro bioRxiv-2020-11-03 Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in vitro Latest version 2 from December 7th .2020: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.360545v2
Result: Influenza virus (H1N1) was the most susceptible to all products, and infectivity was reduced by >99.9% by elderberry juice, pomegranate juice and green tea. The SARS-CoV-2 titers were reduced by around 98% by green tea and aronia juice after just 1 minute of incubation, but by 80% by pomegranate juice, but were not affected by elderberry juice. The naked adeno virus was resistant to three out of four products but was susceptible to aronia juice. The results for the surrogate virus (modified vaccinia virus) agree well with those for SARS-CoV-2 (exception: elderberry juice).
Legende: Viruzide Aktivität von Naturstoffen gegen Modifizierte Vaccinia-Virus (MVA), Influenza A (IAV), SARS-CoV-2 und Adenovirus (AdV5) wurden vor der Serientitration und Inokulation der Zielzellen mit den pflanzlichen Folgeprodukten für angegebene Kontaktzeiten inkubiert. Die Virustiter wurden durch Überwachung der zytopathischen Wirkung bestimmt und als Gewebekultur-Infektionsdosis 50 (TCID50) nach Spearman-Kaerber berechnet.
Argumentative bridge from in-vitro (laboratory) to in-vivo (human) for this study:
1. Eine Oberflächenwirkung im Mundraum ist den in-vitro-Bedingungen sehr ähnlich, weil in beiden Fällen ein direkter Kontakt zwischen Virus und Substanz erfolgt. Bei der Betrachtung von systemischen Wirkungen, die eine ausreichende Bioverfügbarkeit der Wirkstoffe (Übergang ins Blut und die Organe) brauchen, liegt der Fall ganz anders.
2. Die Anwendung als Mundspülung und Gurgel-Mittel stellt eine lokale Oberflächen-Behandlung dar, keine systemische Pharmakotherapie.
3. The oral cavity appears to be the main breeding ground and first point of contact for the corona virus. This is where the undetected proliferation obviously takes place and the spread via saliva before the onset of symptoms.
4. In vivo study with Covid infected people shows good effect of gargling
5. In vivo study with Covid infected people shows good effect of lozenges.
3. Oral area as a breeding ground for the virus and starting point for its spread
Study:
Review: Oral saliva and COVID-19 Oral Oncology Volume 108, September 2020, 104821; DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104821
SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva Huang, Ni; Perez, Paola; Kato, Takafumi; et.al.: Nature Medicine 2021 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01296-8
The following results and conclusions come from this:
There are a large number of ACE2 receptors throughout the oral cavity through which SARS-CoV-2 can penetrate human cells. The number and density of these receptors is particularly large in the salivary glands. From there and the other infected cells in the mouth, the virus spreads into the saliva and is expelled as droplets and aerosols and inhaled.
Mundspülungen und Gurgeln mit viruziden Mitteln ist daher eine sehr plausible Möglichkeit der Reduzierung der Verbreitung des Virus.
Protection against infections in the oral cavity
Study:
Liu, Jinbiao; Bodnar, Brittany H.; et.al.: Epigallocatechin Gallate from Green Tea Effectively Blocks Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and New Variants by Inhibiting Spike Binding to ACE2 Receptor: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/03/17/2021.03.17.435637
The following results and conclusions come from this:
The ACE2 receptors that SARS-CoV-2 needs to penetrate human cells can be blocked by a number of ingredients in pomegranate, green tea, black tea and also aronia juice. This results in a protective effect against the infection. Together with the direct antiviral effect, the spread of the virus is made more difficult for both the “sender” and the possible “recipient”. The non-specific tannins of these plants react with many proteins (protein building blocks), which also include the ACE2 receptor, the spike proteins of the virus and possibly open wounds in the mouth (bleeding gums).
Weitere Literatur & Studien zu Mundraum, Speichel und Covid-19 siehe: Literatur und siehe: Corona Dateien & Links
4. Gurgel - Studie
Study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.20180448v1
EARLY VIRAL CLEARANCE AMONG COVID-19 PATIENTS WHEN GARGLING WITH POVIDONE-IODINE AND ESSENTIAL OILS: A PILOT CLINICAL TRIAL; NURUL AZMAWATI MOHAMED, NIZAM BAHAROM, WAN SHAHIDA WAN SULAIMAN, ZETTI ZAINOL RASHID, KON KEN WONG, UMI KALSOM ALI, SITI NORLIA OTHMAN, MUTTAQILLAH NAJIHAN ABD SAMAD, NAJMA KORI, PETRICK PERIYASAMY, NOR AZIZAN ZAKARIA, AGNI NHIRMAL KUMAR SUGUMAR, NUR EZZATY MOHAMMAD KAZMIN, XIONG KHEE CHEONG, SITI MARIYAM SANIMAN, ILINA ISAHAK (Malaysia); doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.07.20180448
The following results and conclusions come from this:
…… Gargling also seems to have the potential to reduce the disease spread from patients to healthcare workers. This is in agreement with Mady et al who described a gargling protocol for healthcare workers caring for head and neck and skull base oncology patients (Mady et al. 2020).
Spread among the community could also be reduced with gargling practices among the public after being exposed to crowded places or high-risk areas. Nevertheless, this measure is not to replace but to complement currently practiced preventive measures namely hand washing, mask-wearing and social distancing…
Translation:
...... Gurgeln scheint auch das Potenzial zu haben, die Krankheitsausbreitung von Patienten auf Mitarbeiter im Gesundheitswesen zu reduzieren. Dies stimmt mit Mady et al. überein, die ein Gurgelprotokoll für Mitarbeiter des Gesundheitswesens beschrieben, die Patienten in der Kopf-, Hals- und Schädelbasis-Onkologie betreuen (Mady et al. 2020). Die Ausbreitung in der Gesellschaft könnte auch durch Gurgelpraktiken in der Allgemeinheit reduziert werden, nachdem man an überfüllten Orten oder in Hochrisikogebieten exponiert war. Dennoch soll diese Maßnahme die derzeit praktizierten Präventivmaßnahmen - Händewaschen, Maskentragen und soziale Distanzierung - nicht ersetzen, sondern ergänzen...
A: 7 days: Gargle 3x daily for 30 seconds with 10 ml of Betadine®.
B: 7 days: Gargle with 20 ml Listerine® for 30 seconds 3 times a day.
C: 7 days: Gargle for 30 seconds 3 times a day with 100 mL of water
D: No intervention
5. Viruzide im Mundraum gegen Sars-CoV-2
Lutschpastillen-Studie an Covid-Erkrankten mit Granatapfelextrakt
Study:
deutsch RTF1: https://www.rtf1.de/news.php?id=26455
https://medclinres.org/pdfs/2020/virucidals-control-the-presence-of-covid-in-mouth-saliva-mcr-20.pdf
Medical & Clinical Research 2020 Volume 5 Issue 5 p.76
Virucidals Control the Presence of Covid in Mouth/Saliva
Research Article; Giovanni Belcaro*, Ezio Bombardelli, Umberto Cornelli, Maria Rosaria Cesarone, Roberto Cotellese, Mark Dugall, Marcello Corsi, Beatrice Feragalli and Lars Rosenkvist
Irvine3 Labs, Circulation Sciences and The Nicolaides’ Lab, Dipartimento Sc Med OR BIOTEC, CH-PE University, IA-PSS, Pescara, Italy
The following results and conclusions come from this:
Pilotstudie: Viruzide können COVID-19-Virus eindämmen. Pflanzliche Lutschpastille Phytorelief-CC (in Deutschland Phytorelief®), die auch am längsten wirksam war. Das Produkt der Firma enthält Granatapfel (als lokales Hauptviruzid/- antiviral) in Kombination mit Süßholz, Ingwer und Kurkuma. Im Rahmen der Pilotstudie wurden 39 COVID-19-Patienten, die positiv getestet, aber asymptomatisch waren, viermal täglich pflanzliche, synthetische bzw. chemische Viruzide verabreicht.
Figure 1: The decrease in positivity in the swab samples. The use of ‘virucidals’ resulted in a significant level of complete disappearance of positivity in most subjects. All virucidals were effective. Phyto-relief produced the longest virucidal action due to a slower release of its components.
German explanation: Blue bars: number of Covid-infected study participants; Orange bars: Number of study participants in whom corona viruses were still detectable in their saliva after 3 days of treatment (PCR test).
Phyto Relief: Pastillen mit Granatapfelextrakt u.a.;
Benzydamine = neo-angin (NSAR);
Baicalin: Flavonglykosid;
Calypitol Inhalation: Zusammensetzung per amp: Cineol (Eucalyptol) 250 mg, Terpineol 25 mg, Pine ätherisches Öl 50 mg, Thymian ätherisches Öl 50 mg, Rosmarin ätherisches Öl 50 mg;
Aldiamed: Mittel gegen Mundtrockenheit mit: Glycerin, Sorbitol, xylitol, Aloe vera, Polyacrylate, xanthan gum; lactoferrin
6. Wirkprinzipien der gerbstoffhaltigen pflanzlichen Mundspül- und Gurgel-Mittel
(green tea, aronia juice, pomegranate juice)
Im Unterschied zu den meisten in Mundspülungen verwendeten chemischen Desinfektionsmitteln und in der Untersuchung befindlichen chemischen Einzelsubstanzen zur Hemmung von viralen Infektionen haben die in den oben genannten pflanzlichen Zubereitungen enthaltenen Wirkstoffe eine Reihe weiterer Wirkungen, die im Zusammenhang mit Infektionen des Mund-Rachen-Raumes sehr erwünscht und nützlich sind. Aufgrund der unspezifischen und schnellen Reaktion der Gerbstoffe werden nicht nur die Viralen Hüllproteine und Spike-Proteine denaturiert, sondern gleichzeitig deren Andockstellen (bei SARS-CoV-2 der ACE2-Rezeptor, ebenfalls ein Protein) an den Ziel-Zellen. Außerdem werden evtl. vorhandene Entzündungen günstig beeinflußt und kleine Blutungen gestillt, über die infektiöses Material direkt in die Blutgefäße eindringen könnte. Gerbstoffe und die sie begleitenden Flavonole und Flavanole haben eine deutliche anti-entzündliche Wirkung, die ein Abschwellen vorhandener Entzündungen und damit verbundener erhöhter Durchlässigkeit von Blut-Kapillar-Gefäßen bewirken. Dadurch, dass die oben vorgestellten Lebensmittelzubereitungen nicht nur ungefährlich sind, sondern aus anderen Gründen gesunde Lebensmittel („Superfoods“) sind, ist ein Hinunterschlucken nach der Anwendung als Mundspülung nicht nur praktisch im Alltag, sondern könnte noch weitere Vorteile bei der Bekämpfung viraler Infektionen haben: Dies Gerbstoffe werden nur zu minimalen Anteil im Magen-Darm-System ins Blut aufgenommen und wandern, teils metabolisch verändert, teils unverändert durch den gesamten Magen-Darm-Trakt. Auf diesem Weg können sie auch dort vorhandene Viren (und Bakterien) inaktivieren. Das SARS-CoV-2 ist säure-empfindlich und wird normalerweise durch die Magensäure inaktiviert. Es gibt die Hypothese, dass schwere Covid-19-Verläufe auch dadurch ausgelöst oder begünstigt werden könnten, dass zu wenig oder keine Magensäure vorhanden ist aufgrund von Verdauungsschwäche im Alter oder Einnahme von Mitteln gegen Magensäure (Protonenpumpen-Hemmer, andere säure-neutralisierende Mittel). Virushaltiger Speichel wird ja bei Infizierten kontinuierlich verschluckt und gelangt dann über den Magen in den Dünndarm, in dem eine große Dichte von ACE2-Rezeptoren vorhanden ist.
7. Schlussfolgerungen
1. Weil die Erstinfektionen durch respiratorische Viren (und Bakterien) immer im Mund- (und Nasen-)-Raum beginnen, ist eine sofortige antiseptische (inkl. anti-virale) Maßnahme wichtig bzw. entscheidend.
2. Damit diese stattfinden kann obwohl noch keine Kenntnis über eine Infektion vorliegt, muss vorbeugend gehandelt werden.
3. Vorbeugend bedeutet in der Praxis: regelmäßig bzw. Risiko-Anlass-orientiert auf jeden Fall aber relativ häufig (3-6 x täglich; bei tagelanger andauernder Kontaktlosigkeit auch weniger aber mindestens immer abends vor dem Zubettgehen.
4th procedure (MGS): fill your mouth about halfway with mouthwash and pull it vigorously through your teeth for about 1 minute, rinse the mouth thoroughly and then gargle. For teas and juices, drink in 3 small sips while gargling and for other antiseptics: spit out.
5. Preference should be given to antiseptic or anti-viral agents with the following properties:
1. Broad spectrum of effectiveness (because pathogens are usually unknown)
2. Gute Wirksamkeit
3. Weitestgehend physiologisch unbedenklich
4. Preservation of the physiological oral flora or rapid regeneration of it. Therefore, no complete elimination of all physiologically desirable bacteria. Otherwise: lower defense mechanisms and impairment of physiological conditions.
5. Keine Resistenzbildung
6. Die handelsüblichen Mundspülungen zur allgemeinen Mundhygiene auf Basis von Desinfektionsmitteln (z.B.: Chlorhexidin, Dequaliniumchlorid, Benzalkoniumchlorid, Povidon-Iod (Polyvinylpyrrolidon-Iod (PVP-Iod), Betaisodona© u.a.) erfüllen den Punkt 4 nicht!
7. Some preparations from plants meet all the requirements.
For SARS-CoV-2 & Influenza: Proven: green tea & black tea, aronia berry juice, pomegranate juice.
Very likely also: Tea made from: Cistus incanus herb, sage leaves, thyme herb
8. Even recovered and fully vaccinated people should rinse their mouths and gargle with herbal preparations containing tannins as a preventive measure if there is a risk of becoming reinfected or infecting others, especially when in contact with unvaccinated people.
8. Literature
1 Bruno Frank, Carina Conzelmann, Tatjana Weil, Rüdiger Groß, PeggyJungke, Maren Eggers, Janis A. Müller, Jan Münch, Uwe Kessler: Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in vitro https:/ /www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.360545v2
2 Susmit Mhatre, Tishya Srivastava, Shivraj Naik, Vandana Patravale: Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: A review https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153286
3 Eriko Ohgitani, Masaharu Shin-Ya, Masaki Ichitani, Makoto Kobayashi, Takanobu Takihara, Masaya Kawamoto, Hitoshi Kinugasa, Osam Mazda: Significant inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by a greentea catechin, a catechin- derivative and galloylated theaflavins in vitro https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.04.412098
4 Baghizadeh Fini M. Oral saliva and COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020 Sep;108
doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104821. [Epub 2020 May 27] [PMC free article] [PubMed][CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
5 Giovanni Belcaro*, Ezio Bombardelli, Umberto Cornelli, Maria Rosaria Cesarone,Roberto Cotellese, Mark Dugall, Marcello Corsi, Beatrice Feragalli and Lars Rosenkvist: Virucidals Control the Presence of Covid in Mouth/Saliva
Med Clin Res, 2020 Volume 5 | Issue 5 | 76; ISSN: 2577-8005; https://medclinres.org/ 6 Kramer, Eggers et. Al.:
6 Empfehlung der DGKH (deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene e.V.) vom7.12.2020;
doi 10.3205dgkh000373, urnnbnde0183-dgkh0003736 https://www.egms.de/static/en/journals/dgkh/2021-16/dgkh000373.shtml
7 Nurul Azmawati Mohamed et.al.: Early Viral Clearance among Covid-19Patients When Gargling with Povidone-Iodine and Essential Oils – A Clinical Trial.
medRxiv preprint https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.07.20180448
8 Vural Fidan, Handan Koyuncu, Okan Akin: Oral lesions in Covid 19 positive patients. American Journal of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery 42 (2021)102905 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196070921000065?via%3Dihub
Oral cavity & saliva
9 Huang, The Sun; Perez, Paola; Kato, Takafumi; et.al.: SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva
Nature Medicine 2021 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01296-8 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01296-8
10 Baghizadeh Fini, Maryam Review: Oral saliva and COVID-19 Oral Oncology Volume 108, September 2020, 104821; DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104821 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32474389/
11 Liu, Jinbiao; Bodnar, Brittany H.; et.al.:
Epigallocatechin Gallate from Green Tea Effectively Blocks Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and New Variants by Inhibiting Spike Binding to ACE2 Receptor: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/03/17/2021.03.17.435637
12 Proposed Oral-Vascular-Pulmonary Route Of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Importance of Oral Healthcare Measures
Lloyd-Jones G, Molayem S, Pontes CC, Chapple I. (2021): The COVID-19 Pathway: A Proposed Oral-Vascular-Pulmonary Route of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Importance of Oral Healthcare Measures. J Oral Med and Dent Res. 2(1):1-25. Published: April 20, 2021 https://www.genesispub.org/j-oral-med-and-dent-res/the-covid-19-pathway-a-proposed-oral-vascular-pulmonary-route-of-sars-cov-2-infection-and-the-importance-of-oral-healthcare-measures Video dazu: http://thecovidpathway.com/
13 SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva
Huang, Ni; Pérez, Paola; Kato, Takafumi; Mikami, Yu; et.a.; NIH COVID-19 Autopsy Consortium; HCA Oral and Craniofacial Biological Network; PMID: 33767405¸ DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01296-8
14 Oral lesions in Covid 19 positive patients Fidan, Vural; Koyuncu, Handan; Akin, Okan 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102905
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196070921000065
15 Existence of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules in the Oral Cavity.
Sakaguchi W, Kubota N, Shimizu T, Saruta J, Fuchida S, Kawata A, Yamamoto Y, Sugimoto M, Yakeishi M, Tsukinoki K. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 20;21(17):6000. doi: 10.3390/ ijms21176000. PMID: 32825469; PMCID: PMC7503451.
19 Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: A case–control study
Marouf et al. 2021, J Clin Periodontol (Journal of Clinical Periodontology)
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13435 https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13435
Vaccination breakthroughs & infections by those who have been vaccinated and those who have recovered
16 Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Despite Vaccination when the Delta Variant is Prevalent - Wisconsin, July 2021
Riemersma et al. 2021 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.21261387;
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.21261387v3.full.pdf
17 Virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in health care workers,
Marc C.; Tostmann, Alma; Bogers, et.al. 2021, medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.20.21262158
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.21262158v1.full.pdf
18 Virological and serological kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant vaccine-breakthrough infections: a multi-center cohort study Chia et al. 2021, 10.1101/2021.07.28.21261295 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.21261295v1.full.pdf+html
Aronia:
Sehee Park a,b,1, Jin Il Kim a,b,1, Ilseob Lee a,b,1, Sangmoo Lee a,b, Min-Woong Hwang, Joon-Yong Bae, Jun Heo ,b , Donghwan Kim a,b , Sang-Zin Han c , Man-Seong Park
Aronia melanocarpa and its components demonstrate antiviral activity against influenza viruses
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 440(1) · September2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.090 · Source: PubMed
Grüntee:
Liu, J., Bodnar, B.H., Meng, F. et al.
Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea effectively blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 and new variants by inhibiting spike binding to ACE2 receptor. Cell Biosci 11, 168 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-021-00680-8
Xu, Jun; Xu, Zhao; Zheng, Wenming, A Review of the Antiviral Role of Green Tea Catechins
Molecules. 2017 Aug; 22(8): 1337. doi: 10.3390/molecules22081337
COVID -19: Could green tea catechins reduce the risks? Storozhuk,M.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.23.20218479 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.20218479v3
James B. Hudson Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British,Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. E-mail: jbhudson@interchange.ubc.ca. Review: The use of herbal extracts in the control of influenza Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3(13), pp. 1189-1195, December, 2009
Song, Jae; Seong, Baik:
Review: Tea catechins as a potential alternative anti-infectious agent
Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 5(3), 497–506 (2007) DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.3.497
Black tea:
Yang, Zi-Feng; Bai, Li-Ping; Huang, Wen-bo; Li, Xu-Zhao; Zhao, Sui-Shan; Zhong, Nan-Shan; Jiang, Zhi-Hong Comparison of in vitro antiviral activity of tea polyphenols against influenza A and B viruses and structure– activity relationship analysis
Fitoterapia Volume 93, March 2014, Pages 47-53
Song, Jae; Seong, Baik:
Review: Tea catechins as a potential alternative anti-infectious agent
Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 5(3), 497–506 (2007) DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.3.497
Further literature selection
Pomegranate:
Tito, Annalisa; Colantuono, Antonio; Pirone, Luciano; Pedone, Emilia; Intartaglia, Daniela; Giamundo, Giuliana; Conte, Ivan; Vitaglione, Paola; Apone, Fabio:
Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding to Human ACE2 Receptor (in vitro): A Promising Source of Novel Antiviral Drugs
Front. Chem., 28 April 2021 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.638187; https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fchem.2021.638187
Haidari, Mehran; Ali, Muzammil; Ward Casscells, Samuel 3rd; Madjid, Mohammad
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.06.002
James B. Hudson Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British,Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. E-mail: jbhudson@interchange.ubc.ca. Review: The use of herbal extracts in the control of influenza
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3(13), pp. 1189-1195, December, 2009
Holunderbeeren:
Zakay-Rones, Z.; Thom, E.; Wollan, T.; Wadstein, J.
Randomized Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Elderberry Extract in the Treatment of Influenza A and B Virus Infections J Int Med Res. Mar-Apr 2004;32(2):132-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000403200205
Cystus:
Kalus, Ulrich; Grigorov, Alexandre; Kadecki, Oliver; Jansen, Jan Peter; Kiesewetter, Holger; Radtke, Hartmut
Cistus incanus (CYSTUS052) for treating patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract: A prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study
Antiviral Research Volume 84, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 267-271 DOI:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.001
Review: The use of herbal extracts in the control of influenza
James B. Hudson Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British,Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. E-mail: jbhudson@interchange.ubc.ca. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3(13), pp. 1189-1195, December, 2009
Zink:
The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis
Wessels, Inga; Rolles, Benjamin; Rink, Lothar: Front. Immunol., 10 July 2020 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712
Vitamin D:
COVID-19 mortality risk correlates inversely with vitamin D3 status, and a mortality rate close to zero could theoretically be achieved at 50 ng/ml 25(OH)D3: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis
Borsche, Lorenz; Glauner, Bernd; Mendel, Julian from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.21263977v1